BMPs (bone morphogenetic proteins) belong to the TGF-beta superfamily of structurally related signaling proteins. Members of this superfamily are widely represented throμghout the animal kingdom and have been implicated in a variety of developmental processes. Proteins of the TGF-beta superfamily are disulfide-linked dimmers composed of two 12-15 kDa polypeptide chains. As implied by their name, BMPs initiate, promote and regulate bone development, growth, remodeling and repair. Smad1 translocation to the nucleus is observed after the addition of BMP-4 (also designated BMP-2B), sμggesting that BMP-4 may play a role in activation of the Smad pathway.