NMDA antagonist (IC50 = 11 μM for inhibition of [3H]MK-801 binding to rat forebrain membranes). Protects against NMDA- and quisqualate-induced neurotoxicity (EC50 = 3.8 μM) and enhances dopamine D1 receptor activity. Inhibits NF-κB, reducing TNF-α, IL-6 and nitric oxide production, and acts as a free radical scavenger. Exhibits beneficial effects in experimental models of multiple sclerosis, bacterial meningitis, septic shock, epilepsy, and traumatic and ischemic brain injury. Brain penetrant.